Covered topics

• Discovery of the cell and development of cell theory, including historical milestones and core postulates.

• Types of cells: prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, and basic differences in nucleus and organelles.

• Structural organization of a cell: plasma membrane, cell wall (plants), cytoplasm, and nucleus.

• Cell organelles and functions: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (RER/SER), Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, plastids (plants), vacuoles, centrosome/centrioles (animals), and peroxisomes.

• Transport across membranes: diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and bulk transport concepts with tonicity effects.

• Plant vs animal cells: presence of cell wall, plastids, and large central vacuole in plants versus centrioles and typically smaller vacuoles in animals.

• Unicellular vs multicellular organization: division of labor and specialization in tissues and organs in multicellular organisms.

If a compact checklist is needed for revision, these headings align well with NCERT’s Chapter 5 topic flow: What living things are made of, basic cell structure, plasma membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles with their functions